An archive is a collection of historical records, or the physical place they are located. Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organization's lifetime, and are kept to show the function of an organization.

In general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines for which many identical copies exist. This means that archives (the places) are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization, although archival collections can often be found within library buildings.

A person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science.

When referring to historical records or the places they are kept, the plural form ''archives'' is chiefly used. Archivists tend to prefer the term "archives" (with an S) as the correct terminology to serve as both the singular and plural, since "archive," as a noun or a verb, has acquired meanings related to computer science.

Etymology

First attested in English in early 17th century, the word ''archive'' () is derived from the French ''archives'' (plural), in turn from Latin ''archīum'' or ''archīvum'', which is the romanized form of the Greek ''ἀρχεῖον'' (''arkheion''), "public records, town-hall, residence or office of chief magistrates", itself from ''ἀρχή'' (''arkhē''), amongst others "magistracy, office, government" (compare an-archy, mon-archy), which comes from the verb ''ἄρχω'' (''arkhō''), "to begin, rule, govern".

The word originally developed from the Greek '''' (arkheion) which refers to the home or dwelling of the Archon, in which important official state documents were filed and interpreted under the authority of the Archon. The adjective formed from ''archive'' is ''archival''.

Users and institutions

Historians, genealogists, lawyers, demographers, filmmakers, and others conduct research at archives. The research process at each archive is unique, and depends upon the institution in which the archive is housed. While there are many different kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identified five major types: academic, business (for profit), government, non-profit, and other. There are also four main areas of inquiry involved with archives: material technologies, organizing principles, geographic locations, and tangled embodiments of humans and non-humans. These areas help to further categorize what kind of archive is being created.

Academic

Archives in colleges, universities, and other educational facilities are typically housed within a library, and duties may be carried out by an archivist or a librarian. Occasionally, history professors may also run a smaller archive. Academic archives exist to preserve and celebrate the history of their school and academic community. An academic archive may contain items such as papers of former professors and presidents, memorabilia related to school organizations and activities, and items the academic library wishes to remain in a closed-stack setting, such as rare books or thesis copies. Access to some of these archives is by appointment only; others have posted hours. Users of academic archives can be undergraduates, graduate students, faculty and staff, scholarly researchers, and the general public. Many academic archives work closely with alumni relations departments or other campus institutions to help raise funds for their library or school. Because of their library setting, a degree certified by the American Library Association is preferred for employment in an academic archive in the United States.

Business (for profit)

Archives located in for-profit institutions are usually those owned by a private business. Examples of prominent business archives in the United States include Coca-Cola (which also owns the separate museum World of Coca-Cola), Procter and Gamble, Motorola Heritage Services and Archives, and Levi Strauss & Co. These corporate archives maintain historic documents and items related to the history and administration of their companies. Business archives serve the purpose of helping their corporations maintain control over their brand by retaining memories of the company's past. Especially in business archives, records management is separate from the historic aspect of archives. Workers in these types of archives may have any combination of training and degrees, from either a history or library background. These archives are typically not open to the public and only used by workers of the owner company, although some will allow approved visitors by appointment. Business archives are concerned with maintaining the integrity of their company, and are therefore selective of how their materials may be used.

Government

Government archives include those maintained by local and state government as well as those maintained by the national (or federal) government. Anyone may use a government archive, and frequent users include reporters, genealogists, writers, historians, students, and people seeking information on the history of their home or region. Many government archives are open to the public and no appointment is required to visit.

In the United States, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) maintains central archival facilities in the District of Columbia and College Park, Maryland, with regional facilities distributed throughout the United States. Some city or local governments may have repositories, but their organization and accessibility varies widely. State or province archives typically require at least a bachelor's degree in history for employment, although some ask for certification by test (government or association) as well.

In the UK the National Archives , formerly known as the Public Record Office, is the government archive for England and Wales. The National Monuments Record is the public archive of English Heritage. The National Archives of Scotland , located in Edinburgh, serve that country while the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland in Belfast is the government archive for Northern Ireland.

A network of local authority-run record offices and archives exists throughout England, Wales and Scotland and holds many important collections, including local government, landed estates, church and business records. Many archives have contributed catalogues to the national Access 2 Archives programme and online searching across collections is possible.

In France, the French Archives Administration (''Service interministériel des Archives de France'') in the Ministry of Culture manages the National Archives (''Archives nationales'') which possess 406 km. (252 miles) of archives as of 2010 (the total length of occupied shelves put next to each other), with original records going as far back as A.D. 625, as well as the departmental archives (''archives départementales''), located in the ''préfectures'' of each of the 100 ''départements'' of France, which possess 2,297 km. (1,427 miles) of archives (as of 2010), and also the local city archives, about 600 in total, which possess 456 km. (283,4 miles) of archives (as of 2010). Put together, the total volume of archives under the supervision of the French Archives Administration is the largest in the world.

In India the National Archives are located in New Delhi.

In Taiwan the National Archives Administration are located in Taipei.

Most intergovernmental organisations keep their own historical archives. However, a number of European organisations, including the European Commission, choose to deposit their archives with the European University Institute in Florence.

Church

A prominent Church Archives is the Vatican Secret Archive. Archdioceses, dioceses and parishes also have archives in the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches. The records in these archives include manuscripts, papal records, local Church records, photographs, oral histories, audiovisual materials, and architectural drawings.

Most Protestant denominations have archives as well, including the Presbyterian U.S.A Historical Society,, The Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives, the United Methodist Archives and History Center of the United Methodist Church and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).

Non-profit

Non-profit archives include those in historical societies, not-for-profit businesses such as hospitals, and the repositories within foundations. Non-profit archives are typically set up with private funds from donors to preserve the papers and history of specific persons or places. Often these institutions rely on grant funding from the government as well as the private funds. Depending on the funds available, non-profit archives may be as small as the historical society in a rural town to as big as a state historical society that rivals a government archives. Users of this type of archive may vary as much as the institutions that hold them. Employees of non-profit archives may be professional archivists, para-professionals, or volunteers, as the education required for a position at a non-profit archive varies with the demands of the collection's user base.

Web archiving

The process of collecting data from the World Wide Web and preserving it in an archive, such as an archive site, for the web user to see. See Website Archiving. Examples of web archives:

Side bars

Blogs

Calendar

Tag cloud

News websites

Other

Some archives defy categorization. There are tribal archives within the Native American nations in North America, and there are archives that exist within the papers of private individuals. Many museums keep archives in order to prove the provenance of their pieces. Any institution or persons wishing to keep their significant papers in an organized fashion that employs the most basic principles of archival science may have an archive. In the 2004 census of archivists taken in the United States, 2.7% of archivists were employed in institutions that defied categorization. This was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self-employed.

Another type of archive is public secrets . This is an interactive testimonial in which women incarcerated in the California State Prison System reveal their stories about what happened to them. The function of the archive is to unfold the stories of the women who want to express themselves and want their stories to be heard. This collection of stories includes the women's direct speeches and also a recording of the women saying their speech.

The archives of an individual may include letters, papers, photographs, computer files, scrapbooks, financial records or diaries created or collected by the individual – regardless of media or format. The archives of an organization (such as a corporation or government) tend to contain other types of records, such as administrative files, business records, memos, official correspondence and meeting minutes.

History

The word "archive" can refer to any organised body of records fixed on media. The management of archives is essential for effective day-to-day organisational decision making, and even for the survival of organisations. Archives were well developed by the ancient Chinese, the ancient Greeks, and ancient Romans. Modern archival thinking has many roots in the French Revolution. The French National Archives, who possess perhaps the largest archival collection in the world, with records going as far back as A.D. 625, were created in 1790 during the French Revolution from various government, religious, and private archives seized by the revolutionaries.

Standardization

The International Council on Archives (ICA) has developed a number of standards on archival description including the General International Standard Archival Description ISAD(G). ISAD(G) is meant to be used in conjunction with national standards or as a basis for nations to build their own standards. In the United States, ISAD(G) is implemented through Describing Archives: A Content Standard, popularly known as "DACS". In Canada, ISAD(G) is implemented through Rules for Archival Description, also known as "RAD".

ISO is currently working on standards.

See also

Archival informatics

Archival research

Archival science

Archive Fever (book by Jacques Derrida)

Archivist

BS 5454

Collection (museum)

Computer data storage

Data proliferation

Digital preservation

Discovered text (archaeology)

Greenstone (software)

Information repository

Internet Archive

International Council on Archives

List of archives

Manuscript processing

Preservation (library and archival science)

Web archiving

Database

Notes

External links

UNESCO Archives Portal – over 8000 links worldwide

International Council on Archives

Archives Hub — gateway to descriptions of archives held in UK universities and colleges, part of the National Archives Network

InterPARES Project — international research project on the long-term preservation of authentic digital records

Access to Archives (A2A) — the English strand of the UK archives network

Online-Guide to Archives around the globe

The Changing World of Records Storage

AIM25 – archives within the UK M25 area.

British Cartoon Archive associated with the University of Kent

The Digital Archive of Literacy Narratives

Banco di San Giorgio – Genova Italy: Archive (1407–1805): nearly 40,000 books catalogued with full description. www.giuseppefelloni.it

Forward Anywhere

Public Secret

R-Shief

Database as a Sybolic Form – An Essay by Lev Manovitch

Slavic Archives

* Category:Historical documents Category:Greek loanwords

ar:ربائد az:Arxiv bs:Arhiv br:Diell bg:Архив ca:Arxiu cs:Archiv de:Archiv et:Arhiiv el:Αρχείο es:Archivo de documentos eo:Arkivo fa:بایگانی fr:Archives gl:Arquivo ko:기록 보관소 hr:Arhiv io:Arkivo id:Arsip iu:ᓂᐱ/nipi it:Archivio he:ארכיון la:Archivum lt:Archyvas hu:Levéltár ms:Arkib nl:Archief ja:公文書館 no:Arkiv pt:Arquivo ru:Архив sq:Arkivi scn:Archiviu simple:Archive sk:Archív (inštitúcia) sl:Arhiv sr:Архив sh:Arhivalije fi:Arkisto sv:Arkiv ta:ஆவணக் காப்பகம் th:จดหมายเหตุ tr:Arşiv uk:Архів zh:檔案

playername	Peter Schmeichel
fullname	Peter Bolesław Schmeichel
dateofbirth	November 18, 1963
cityofbirth	Gladsaxe
countryofbirth	Denmark
height
position	Goalkeeper
youthyears1	1972–1975 |youthclubs1 Høje-Gladsaxe
youthyears2	1975–1981 |youthclubs2 Gladsaxe-Hero
years1	1981–1984 |clubs1 Gladsaxe-Hero |caps1 46 |goals1 0
years2	1984–1987 |clubs2 Hvidovre |caps2 78 |goals2 6
years3	1987–1991 |clubs3 Brøndby |caps3 119 |goals3 2
years4	1991–1999 |clubs4 Manchester United |caps4 292 |goals4 0
years5	1999–2001 |clubs5 Sporting CP |caps5 50 |goals5 0
years6	2001–2002 |clubs6 Aston Villa |caps6 29 |goals6 1
years7	2002–2003 |clubs7 Manchester City |caps7 29 |goals7 0
totalcaps	643 |totalgoals 9
nationalyears1	1987–2001 |nationalteam1 Denmark |nationalcaps1 129 |nationalgoals1 1 }}

Peter Bolesław Schmeichel MBE (born 18 November 1963) is a retired Danish professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and was voted the "World's Best Goalkeeper" in 1992 and 1993. He is best remembered for his most successful years at English club Manchester United, whom he captained to the 1999 UEFA Champions League to complete The Treble, and for winning UEFA Euro 1992 with Denmark.

Born in Gladsaxe, Copenhagen, Schmeichel is famous for his intimidating physique (he is tall and weighed about during his playing days. He wore specially made size XXXL football shirts. Unusually for a goalkeeper, Schmeichel scored 12 goals during his career, including one for the national team. He is also the most capped player for the Denmark national team, with 129 games between 1987 and 2001. In addition to Euro 92, he played for his country at the 1998 FIFA World Cup and three additional European Championship tournaments. He captained the national team in 30 matches.

The IFFHS ranked Schmeichel among the top ten keepers of the 20th century in 2000, and in 2001, Schmeichel won a public poll held by Reuters, when the majority of the 200,000 participants voted him as the best goalkeeper ever, ahead of Lev Yashin and Gordon Banks. In 2003, Schmeichel was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his impact on the English game. In March 2004, he was named as one of the "125 greatest living footballers", at the FIFA 100 celebrations.

He holds the record for the greatest clean sheets-to-games ratio in the Premier League with 42% of the games he played in the league ending without his team conceding.

He also represented Gladsaxe Hero, Hvidovre, Brøndby, Sporting CP, Aston Villa and Manchester City in a career that lasted from 1981 until 2003. His son, Kasper, is also a professional football goalkeeper and plays for Leicester City.

Biography

Early years

Born in Søborggård parish, Gladsaxe, Denmark to a Polish father and a Danish mother, Peter Schmeichel held Polish citizenship until 1970 when he, his father, and his siblings became Danish citizens. He inherited his second name – Bolesław – from his great-grandfather. He spent his early years growing up in the town of Buddinge, Copenhagen, and began his football career playing for a team in the adjacent suburb of Høje-Gladsaxe. His first match came on 7 August 1972 at the age of 8. After a two-and-a-half-year unbeaten run, Schmeichel was approached by Hero, a team from a few divisions above Høje-Gladsaxe and with one of the largest youth football schemes in Denmark. Hero later merged with Gladsaxe to form Gladsaxe-Hero BK, and Schmeichel was presented with the opportunity to play for the Zealand FA's junior representative team.

Eventually graduating to the Gladsaxe-Hero senior squad, Schmeichel met his first mentor in Svend Aage Hansen, the first team coach at the club, and later to become his father-in-law. With Gladsaxe-Hero already relegated from the Danish Third Division with three games to go, Hansen promoted Schmeichel and six others from the youth team for a match against Birkerød. The team lost 1–0, but Schmeichel received mentions in local newspapers for his personal performance. At the end of the season, Hansen explained to Schmeichel his plan for the future, which involved Schmeichel spending two more seasons with Gladsaxe-Hero before moving on to Hvidovre, playing for the Danish national team, and eventually having a successful career abroad. Schmeichel admits that he had received an offer to play for B1903's youth team, but he turned it down as the club "seemed a bit boring".

The following season Gladsaxe-Hero needed only to avoid defeat to Stubbekøbing to prevent relegation from the Danish National League. In the end, Schmeichel played one of the games of his career and Gladsaxe-Hero won the match. At the end of the game, Hansen's daughter, Bente, ran onto the pitch and hugged Schmeichel. The two ended up going out as a couple, and they eventually got married.

Before becoming a professional footballer, Schmeichel had to work a number of jobs to make ends meet. His first job came in the dyeing department of a textile factory, but his concerns with the factory's policy on safety eventually forced him to hand in his notice. He then spent 12 months as a cleaner at an old people's home, before taking up an office job with the World Wildlife Fund. He originally worked in the organisation's shops, but three weeks after he joined, the store manager quit and Schmeichel was promoted to the position of sales manager. Soon after, Schmeichel was called upon to do his four weeks of compulsory military service. However, this coincided with Hvidovre's summer training camp in Portugal, which he was permitted to go on with the proviso that he completed his military service the following month. Nevertheless, the delicate organisational situation that arose between the WWF, the Danish defence department and Hvidovre prompted Schmeichel to give up working for the WWF. A job with his father-in-law's flooring firm came next, until he realised that his knees could not support his frame for eight hours a day, and he was offered a job with the advertising firm owned by Hvidovre's chairman, Niels Erik Madsen. This was to be his last job outside football, as he was offered a contract with Brøndby the following spring.

Professional career

Brøndby

Despite the fifth best defence in the league, conceding 40 goals in 30 games, Schmeichel and Hvidovre finished in 14th place and were relegated in 1985. After only a single season, the club bounced right back to the 1st Division, but Schmeichel was lost by Hvidovre to Danish runners-up Brøndby IF before the 1987 season. Winning the Danish league in his first year, he joined a club which he helped turn into a success. He debuted for the Danish national team in May 1987, under national manager Sepp Piontek, and was selected for the Euro 88 tournament, where he eventually became Denmark's starting goalkeeper.

In all, Schmeichel and Brøndby won four championships in five seasons. The climax of his Brøndby career would come in the European 1991 UEFA Cup competition, which saw Schmeichel as an important part of the team that reached the semi-finals. The club was eliminated by AS Roma with a last-minute goal by Rudi Völler. Following the tournament, Schmeichel was voted 10th in "The World's Best Goalkeeper 1991" poll by the IFFHS.

Manchester United

Following his showings on the international scene, Manchester United bought him in 1991 for £530,000, a price which was described in 2000 by Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson as the "bargain of the century." Schmeichel played the bulk of his career for United, eight years in total. With United, Schmeichel won five FA Premier League titles, three FA Cups, one League Cup, and the UEFA Champions League.

Manchester United finished as runners-up in Schmeichel's first season (also winning the Football League Cup for the first time in the club's history), but it was on the international stage that Schmeichel enjoyed his biggest success that year. In the Danish national team under new national manager Richard Møller Nielsen, Schmeichel was Denmark's starting goalkeeper at the Euro 92 tournament which they won. He saved a penalty kick from Marco van Basten in the semi-final, and held a cross with one hand in the final. He made a string of important saves during the tournament, and was elected "The World's Best Goalkeeper 1992".

In the 1992–93 season, 22 clean sheets from Schmeichel helped United win the Premier League championship for the first time in 26 years. Schmeichel was once again named "The World's Best Goalkeeper" in 1993. In January 1994, Schmeichel fell out with Ferguson, as United had squandered a 3–0 lead to draw 3–3 with Liverpool. The two had a row where Schmeichel "said the most horrible things", and he was subsequently sacked by Ferguson. A few days later, Schmeichel made an improvised apology to the other players. Unknown to him, Ferguson was eavesdropping on this, and he let Schmeichel stay at Manchester United. Schmeichel and United repeated the Premier League championship win at the end of the season.

Despite being a goalkeeper, he would run into the attack on corner kicks if his team was behind. The sight of him going up for the corner was a great distraction to opposing defenders. He scored a goal in this fashion, for Man United, in a 1995 UEFA Cup match against Rotor Volgograd. He scored in the last minutes of the game, though United were eliminated from the tournament on the away goals rule.

In April 1996, during a game against Coventry City, Coventry defender David Busst collided with United defender Denis Irwin and suffered a compound fracture of the leg. The break was so bad that the bone pierced through the skin and blood had to be cleared off the pitch. Schmeichel, who witnessed the incident, reportedly vomited at the sight and had to receive counselling afterwards.

Schmeichel played for Denmark at the Euro 96 hosted by England. The defending European Champions went out in the preliminary group stage, despite delivering results equivalent to the Euro 92 tournament.

Following a February 1997 match against Arsenal, Schmeichel was accused of racism by Arsenal striker Ian Wright. During the game, Schmeichel and Wright had a number of controversies, and at the end of the game, the two players confronted each other on their way off the pitch. After the game, news emerged of a police inquiry into a November 1996 match between the two clubs, where it was alleged that Schmeichel had made a racist remark. After months of politicising by The FA and The PFA, who wanted a "converted" Schmeichel as their posterboy of the "Kick Racism out of Football" campaign, no evidence was found and the case was dropped.

Under new national manager Bo Johansson, Schmeichel was a part of the Danish squad at the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He was one of the leading members of the Danish campaign, which ended in a 3–2 quarter-final defeat to Brazil.

Schmeichel ended his Manchester United career on the highest note, when Schmeichel and United won the Treble, the FA Premier League title, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League, in the same season. In that year's FA Cup semi-final against Arsenal, Schmeichel saved a penalty kick by Dennis Bergkamp in the last minutes of the game, to send the game into extra time. In the absence of the suspended Roy Keane, he captained United in the UEFA Champions League final in May 1999. German opponents Bayern Munich had a 1–0 lead until the dying minutes of the game, when United received a corner kick. Schmeichel ran into the attack attempting to cause confusion, and Teddy Sheringham scored the equalising goal. A few seconds later, Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored the 2–1 winner for United to ensure that Schmeichel's United career ended on the highest possible note. In an unforgettable celebratory moment, Schmeichel was shown cartwheeling gleefully in his area after Solskjær's winning goal.

With his departure, Manchester United had trouble finding a replacement for him, going through several high-profile goalkeepers including Mark Bosnich, Massimo Taibi, Fabien Barthez, Tim Howard and Roy Carroll before finally buying Edwin van der Sar, who Sir Alex Ferguson considers the best goalkeeper to have played for the club since Schmeichel.

Sporting CP

Schmeichel decided to leave English football at the end of the 1999 season, as the gruelling 60 game league and cups season, which came with playing with a successful club, was threatening to undermine his high standards at the age of 36. Seeking a slower pace of football, he moved to Sporting Clube de Portugal, where he won the 1999–2000 Portuguese Liga title in his first season with the club. He scored his only goal for the Danish national team, a penalty kick against Belgium, in a June 2000 warm-up match for UEFA Euro 2000. He represented Denmark at Euro 2000, where the team was eliminated in the group stage. He retired from the national team in April 2001, when he played a planned farewell match against Slovenia.

His second year with Sporting would be remarkable in that it was the first time in 14 years, since his Hvidovre days, that Schmeichel's club would finish below second place in the domestic league competition. Schmeichel stated his wish to activate a contract option of a further year at Sporting in January 2001, but eventually decided to leave the club when his contract ran out in June 2001. He considered a number of options for the future, before deciding to keep on playing.

Aston Villa

He returned to England with Aston Villa in July 2001. On 20 October 2001, Schmeichel became the first goalkeeper to score a Premier League goal, in a 3–2 defeat away to Everton. A goalkeeper scoring in the Premier League is a feat only repeated twice, by Blackburn Rovers' Brad Friedel on 21 February 2004, also from a corner kick, and by Tottenham Hotspur's Paul Robinson from a free-kick on 17 March 2007. Schmeichel failed to complete his single season at Villa due to a clause in his contract stipulating that he would get to play in every game that he was fit for. Villa and Schmeichel decided to terminate Schmeichel's contract in order to let Schmeichel leave.

Manchester City

Schmeichel played his last active year for Manchester City during the 2002–03 season. Schmeichel's record in the Manchester derby is exceptional, in that he was never on the losing side. During his nine years with Manchester United, they were unbeaten against Manchester City, while in his single season with City, they won at Maine Road and drew at Old Trafford.

Retirement

In December 1999, Schmeichel became the club owner of his childhood club Hvidovre IF. He withdrew from the club in June 2002. He worked as a pundit for the BBC after retiring, being a regular analyst on Match of the Day until 2005. He then began hosting live UEFA Champions League matches on Danish television channel TV3+, with Preben Elkjær and Brian Laudrup the studio pundits. However, he still works occasionally as a pundit for the BBC. Most recently, Schmeichel appeared as a pundit during the FA Cup Third Round match between two of his former clubs, Manchester United and Aston Villa on 5 January 2008 alongside host Gary Lineker, and pundits Alan Hansen and Alan Shearer. Schmeichel's tough line of punditry has often been praised by critics and fans alike.

He has a son named Kasper who plays as goalkeeper for Leicester City. Kasper was called up for the Danish U19 squad in August 2003 and got his first experience of first team football on loan at League 2 side Darlington in 2005.

His popularity in Britain is perhaps best measured by Chesney Brown on the Manchester-based soap ''Coronation Street'', naming his former dog (a Great Dane) "Schmeichel".

He also took part in Soccer Aid, and played for the Rest of the World team, who lost 2–1 after he was substituted at half-time. Schmeichel was a contestant on the 2006 series of the BBC's popular Saturday night TV programme ''Strictly Come Dancing'', but was voted out by the public on his 43rd birthday. He recently appeared on The Weakest Link in the UK, but he was voted off as the weakest link in the first round.

Schmeichel has not made any ventures into music, despite previously owning a recording studio in his garage and recording a single in Denmark for Euro 96.

On 31 August 2007, an investor group including Schmeichel announced their intention to invest 250 million DKK (€ 33.5 million) in the football club Brøndby IF and make Peter Schmeichel sports director. This was announced in a press conference in Danish at a hotel in Copenhagen. The offer fell through when Brøndby failed to accept the offer within the group's deadline.

In February 2007, he became the host in a new quiz, on TV3 named ''1 mod 100'' (the Danish version of 1 vs. 100). In 2008, he became the host of the European version of the Discovery Channel programme, Dirty Jobs.

Career statistics

|- |1984 |rowspan="3"|Hvidovre |rowspan="2"|1st Division |20||0|| || || || || || || || |- |1985 |28||6|| || || || || || || || |- |1986 |2nd Division |30||0|| || || || || || || || |- !align=right colspan=3|Total !78!!6!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! |- |1987 |rowspan="5"|Brøndby |rowspan="4"|1st Division |23||2|| || || || ||2||0|| || |- |1988 |26||0|| || || || ||4||0|| || |- |1989 |26||0|| || || || ||2||0|| || |- |1990 |26||0|| || || || ||2||0|| || |- |1991 |Superliga |18||0|| || || || ||10||0|| || |- !align=right colspan=3|Total !119!!2!! !! !! !! !!20!!0!! !! |- |1991–92 |rowspan="8"|Manchester United |First Division |40||0||3||0||6||0||4||0||53||0 |- |1992–93 |rowspan="7"|Premier League |42||0||3||0||2||0||1||0||48||0 |- |1993–94 |40||0||7||0||8||0||4||0||60||0 |- |1994–95 |32||0||7||0||0||0||3||0||43||0 |- |1995–96 |36||0||6||0||1||0||2||1||45||1 |- |1996–97 |36||0||3||0||0||0||9||0||49||0 |- |1997–98 |32||0||4||0||0||0||7||0||44||0 |- |1998–99 |34||0||8||0||0||0||13||0||56||0 |- !align=right colspan=3|Total !292!!0!!41!!0!!17!!0!!43!!1!!398!!1 |- |1999–2000 |rowspan="2"|Sporting CP |rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga |28||0||2||0||0||0||2||0||32||0 |- |2000–01 |26||0||0||0||0||0||4||0||30||0 |- !align=right colspan=3|Total !54!!0!!2!!0!!0!!0!!6!!0!!62!!0 |- |2001–02 |Aston Villa |Premier League |29||1||1||0||2||0||4||0||36||1 |- !align=right colspan=3|Total !29!!1!!1!!0!!2!!0!!4!!0!!36!!1 |- |2002–03 |Manchester City |Premier League |29||0||1||0||1||0||0||0||31||0 |- !align=right colspan=3|Total !29!!0!!1!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!31!!0 197||8|| || || || || || || || 350||1||43||0||20||0||47||1||460||2 50||0|| || || || || || || || 597||9|| || || || || || || || |- |1987||5||0 |- |1988||11||0 |- |1989||12||0 |- |1990||10||0 |- |1991||7||0 |- |1992||12||0 |- |1993||9||0 |- |1994||7||0 |- |1995||8||0 |- |1996||10||0 |- |1997||6||0 |- |1998||10||0 |- |1999||11||0 |- |2000||10||1 |- |2001||1||0 |- !Total||129||1 |}

Honours

Club

;Brøndby

Danish 1st Division (3): 1987, 1988, 1990

Danish Superliga (1): 1991

Danish Cup (1): 1989

;Manchester United

Premier League (5): 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99

FA Cup (3): 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99

Football League Cup (1): 1991–92

FA Charity Shield (4): 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997

UEFA Champions League (1): 1998–99

UEFA Super Cup (1): 1991

;Sporting CP

Portuguese Superliga (1): 1999–2000

Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira (1): 2000–01

;Aston Villa

UEFA Intertoto Cup (1): 2001

International

;Denmark

UEFA European Football Championship (1): 1992

Individual

UEFA Goalkeeper of the Year: 1992, 1993, 1997, 1998

IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper: 1992, 1993

UEFA Club Football Awards: 1997–98

Danish Football Player of the Year: 1990, 1993, 1999

English Football Hall of Fame: 2003

Det Gyldne Bur (Danish Goalkeeper of the Year): 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992

UEFA Champions League 10 Seasons Dream Team (1992 to 2002): 2002

PFA England League Team of the Century (1907 to 2007): 2007

Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992–93 to 2001–02)

*Overseas Team of the Decade

*Save of the Decade (vs. Newcastle, 21 December 1997)

Literature

References

External links

Danish national team profile

}}

Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:People from Gladsaxe Municipality Category:Association football goalkeepers Category:Association football goalkeepers who have scored Category:Danish footballers Category:Denmark international footballers Category:Denmark under-21 international footballers Category:UEFA Euro 1988 players Category:UEFA Euro 1992 players Category:UEFA European Football Championship-winning players Category:UEFA Euro 1996 players Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players Category:Hvidovre IF players Category:Brøndby IF players Category:Premier League players Category:Manchester United F.C. players Category:Sporting Clube de Portugal footballers Category:Aston Villa F.C. players Category:Manchester City F.C. players Category:FIFA 100 Category:FIFA Century Club Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire Category:Strictly Come Dancing participants Category:Danish television presenters Category:Danish people of Polish descent Category:Naturalised citizens of Denmark Category:English Football Hall of Fame inductees Category:Danish Superliga players Category:Primeira Liga players Category:Danish expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Portugal Category:Expatriate footballers in England

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name	Sir Chris Hoy
fullname	Sir Christopher Andrew Hoy
nickname	The Real McHoy
birth date	March 23, 1976
birth place	Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
height
weight
currentteam
discipline	Track
role	Rider
ridertype	Sprinter
amateuryears	1984–19861986–19911992–19931994–20012001–200320042005–2007
amateurteams	Scotia BMXGT Factory BMX TeamDunedin CCCity of Edinburgh RCTeam AthenaTeam PersilTeam Wolfson Microelectronics / Miller
proyears	2008–Present
proteams
updated	26 March 2011
medaltemplates	}}

}} }}

Sir Christopher Andrew "Chris" Hoy, MBE (born 23 March 1976 in Edinburgh, Scotland) is a British track cyclist representing Great Britain and Scotland. He is a multiple world champion and Olympic Games gold medal winner. With his three gold medals in Beijing 2008, Hoy became Scotland's most successful Olympian, the first Briton to win three gold medals in a single Olympic games since Henry Taylor, in 1908, and the most successful Olympic male cyclist of all time.

Early life

Hoy went to school at George Watson's College, an independent school in Edinburgh. He continued his studies at the University of St Andrews in 1996, before transferring to Moray House at the University of Edinburgh from where he graduated with a BSc (Hons) in Applied Sports Science in 1999. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Edinburgh in July 2005 and another from Heriot-Watt University in November 2005. Chris returned to St Andrews University in June 2009 to be awarded an honorary Doctor of Science.

Hoy was inspired to cycle at age six by the 1982 film ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''. Before track cycling, Hoy raced BMX between the ages of 7 and 14 and was ranked second in Britain, fifth in Europe and ninth in the world. He received sponsorship from Slazenger and Kwik-Fit and was competing in Europe and the US. Hoy also rowed for the Scottish junior team, coming second in the 1993 British championship with Grant Florence in the coxless pairs. He played rugby as part of his school's team.

Hoy joined his first cycling club, Dunedin CC, in 1992 and began concentrating on track cycling in 1994, when he joined the City of Edinburgh Racing Club.

Achievements

1999–2007 career

The Kilo and the Team Sprint

Hoy's main events were the 1 km Time Trial, known as the Kilo, and the Team Sprint. It was in the Team Sprint that he collected his first World Championship medal, a Silver in 1999. This event involved the three riders, a simultaneous standing start, completing three laps of the 250 m track, with one rider taking the front for each lap and then dropping out. Hoy usually rides as the third man in this event, completing the closing lap. Regular team mates in the Team Sprint over the years have included Craig Maclean, Ross Edgar, Jamie Staff, Jason Queally, Matthew Crampton and Jason Kenny. The team's first World Title came in 2002, in the Ballerup Velodrome, Copenhagen. Chris also won the Kilo title the same year beating Arnaud Tournant by 1/1000 of a second. A medal has been achieved in the Team Sprint each year since at the World Championships, including a further Gold in 2005. The team's regular opponents in recent years have been the French team.

Hoy was also the world's best 1 km Time Trial rider for a number of years, before ceasing to ride the event when it was removed from the Olympic programme after the 2004 games. This is a raw power sprinting event, which involves the rider covering one kilometre (four laps) as fast as possible from a standing start. His first World Title came in this event in 2002, followed by further titles in 2004, 2006 and 2007. He won the event at the 2004 Olympics, his first Olympic title.

Post-2004 Olympics

Following the decision to remove the Kilo from the Olympic programme after the 2004 games, Chris sought to develop in other events. The first of these was the Keirin. This event involves between six and eight riders following a small motorbike (the Derny) around the 250m track for 5.5 laps, as the bike slowly builds up the speed. The bike pulls off with 2.5 laps to go and it is an all out fight for the line. Chris had previously competed at the Keirin in various events but one of his first major successes was at the Manchester round of the World Cup Classics Series in 2007, shortly before the World Championships. His victory in this event carried forward into the World Championships and he came home first to take the title, ahead of team mate Ross Edgar.

This was a milestone for Hoy as it showed he was developing from just a pure power sprinter, in events like the Kilo and Team Sprint, into also being one of the best in the world at more tactical sprinting events like the Keirin and the Sprint.

2007 world record attempt

On 12 May 2007, Hoy attempted the world record for the kilometre. He fell 0.005 seconds short, clocking 58.880. He set a record for the 500m flying start at 24.758 seconds, a second less than the 25.850 set by Arnaud Duble. Hoy set the sea-level kilometre record of 1 minute 0.711 seconds by winning the Olympics in Athens in 2004. The outright record of 58.875 seconds is held by Arnaud Tournant (France), set during 2001 at altitude in La Paz, Bolivia, where Hoy also attempted to break the record. Only 3 sub-60sec kilos have ever been ridden, Chris recorded two of these over two days in La Paz.

Hoy's main achievement is his development in the individual sprint event considered to be the blue riband event of track cycling. Kilo riders like Hoy have historically not fared as well at this event, as they were less experienced in the tactical elements required for the sprint. Previously, Hoy had competed in the sprint at various World Cup events and Revolution meetings in Manchester, but it was not one of his main events and he did not compete in it at the World Championships or the Olympics. In the semi finals Chris defeated Italian veteran Roberto Chiappa 2-0, to set up a meeting in the final against France's Kevin Sireau. Sireau was the World Cup Classics points winner for the season and had defeated Chris 2-0 in their previous meeting only a few weeks earlier. However with the vocal Manchester crowd behind him Chris was not to be denied victory and he completed the win 2-0, the first British man to win the sprint title in 52 years since Reg Harris.

2008 Olympics

Hoy started the year by winning the sprint and the keirin and collecting team sprint silver in the World Championships held on home soil in Manchester.

Hoy became the first British Olympian for 100 years to claim three golds at one games at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. This came when he won the men's keirin, the men's team sprint and also the men's individual sprint.

The first gold came as a member of the three man team sprint squad which included Jason Kenny and Jamie Staff. Jason Kenny replaced Ross Edgar just before the games. They defeated the French by a clear margin, despite the French team's previous dominance of the event.

The keirin became Chris's second Gold medal of the 2008 games, when he came home clear winner ahead of team mate Ross Edgar.

Hoy reached the final round of the individual sprint without a glitch, where his opponent turned out to be his young team mate, Jason Kenny. Kenny was a junior world champion who had achieved a number of high placings. Hoy used his greater experience to defeat Kenny, completing his hat trick of Olympic titles.

2008/09 track season

Chris did not race at the first major event of the 2008/09 season, the World Cup Classics Event in Manchester on 31 October – 2 November. He instead made an appearance to sign autographs and commentate with the BBC. He made his return to racing in the UK at the sold out Revolution 22 event in Manchester in December. He received a standing ovation from the Manchester faithful at the start of the event when he was introduced to the crowd. At this event Hoy won both the Sprint and Keirin competitions, defeating likes of Jason Kenny, Jamie Staff, Ross Edgar, Matthew Crampton and Teun Mulder along the way. Hoy competed in the World Cup Classics series' final event in Copenhagen, Denmark in February, helping his team to a gold medal in the team sprint event. However, he crashed out during the men's Keirin final and was forced to miss the final day of competition, including the men's sprint. Although at first, his injury seemed minor, he returned to Manchester where, following a scan, he was diagnosed with a serious de-gloving injury which finished his season and kept him off his bike for almost 3 months. He was unable to compete as planned at the Revolution 24 event in Manchester the following weekend, he did however make an appearance at the event. He has had to pull out of the World Championships in Poland at the end of March, where he would have attempted to win 3 World titles, because of the hip injury.

2009/10 track season

Hoy started the 09/10 track season at the National Cycling Centre, Manchester at the British National Championships where he took only his second (and third) ever individual national titles. He took gold medals in the Keirin, Sprint and was part of the Team Sprint Team representing team SKY along with Jamie Staff and Jason Kenny. Two weeks later, he raced in round one of the UCI World Cup at the same venue and took gold in the Mens Keirin. He then went into day 2 of the competition and took gold in the sprint event, beating fellow Brit Matthew Crampton in the final 2-0. A third World Cup gold came in the Team Sprint on the Sunday. Having ridden and won 12 events over the weekend, he withdrew from the International Japanese Keirin which was consequently won by team mate Matt Crampton.

Honours

Hoy was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to cycling in the 2005 New Year Honours.

On 26 November 2008, Hoy was named as Sportsman of the Year by the Sports Journalists' Association of Great Britain, winning a ballot of its membership ahead of Formula One world champion Lewis Hamilton and Olympic sailor Ben Ainslie.

On 14 December 2008, Hoy was also named as BBC Sports Personality of the Year. He finished ahead of Formula One world champion Lewis Hamilton and Olympic swimmer Rebecca Adlington. Hoy became the second cyclist ever to win the award after Tommy Simpson in 1965.

Hoy was created a Knight Bachelor by Queen Elizabeth II in the New Year Honours List 2009.

In June 2009, Hoy was inducted to the University of Edinburgh's Sports Hall of Fame.

Train operating company SouthEastern named a high speed Class 395 train after him.

The Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome, built for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, is named in his honour.

Honorary degrees

2005 — Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Edinburgh

2009 — Honorary Doctor of Science, University of St Andrews

2012 Olympics

Hoy is an ambassador for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and the Scottish National Velodrome being built for the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow is to be named in his honour.

Personal life

Hoy moved out of his childhood home in 2000 into a flat close to his parents. Hoy is married to Sarra Kemp, a lawyer from Edinburgh, they got engaged on 11 April 2009. They were married on 17 April 2010 at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh. Hoy wore a grey kilt with a sporran, while his wife wore a white dress and veil. Swimmer Rebecca Adlington, double Olympic gold medallist was one of the guests. They now live in Salford, Greater Manchester, close to the National Cycling Centre's velodrome.

Bibliography

Hoy is the subject of a book by Richard Moore, ''Heroes, Villains and Velodromes: Chris Hoy and Britain's Track Cycling Revolution'', published in June 2008 by Harper Collins. (ISBN 9780007265312)

Hoy's autobiography, ''Chris Hoy: the Autobiography'', was published by Harper Collins in October 2009. (ISBN 9780007311316)

Medal history

; World Championships

1999 - 15px Team sprint

2000 - 15px Team sprint

2001 - 15px Team sprint

2002 - 15px 1 km time trial; 15px Team sprint

2003 - 15px Team sprint

2004 - 15px 1 km time trial; 15px Team sprint

2005 - 15px Team sprint; 15px 1 km time trial

2006 - 15px 1 km time trial; 15px Team sprint

2007 - 15px Keirin; 15px 1 km time trial; 15px Team sprint

2008 - 15px Sprint; 15px Keirin; 15px Team sprint

2010 - 15px Team sprint; 15px Keirin

2011 - 15px Keirin; 15px Team sprint; 15px Sprint

; Olympic Games

2000 - 15px Team sprint (with Craig MacLean and Jason Queally)

2004 - 2008 -

; Commonwealth Games

2002 - 15px 1 km time trial; 15px Team sprint (with Craig MacLean and Ross Edgar)

2006 - 15px Team sprint (with Craig MacLean and Ross Edgar); 15px 1 km time trial

; Special awards

2003, 2008 - BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year

2008 - BBC Sports Personality of the Year

See also

Scotland at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics

List of multiple Olympic gold medalists

References

External links

Chris Hoy ''Rider Profile - Cycling Weekly''

Category:Knights Bachelor Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:Sports scientists Category:Sports players and officials awarded knighthoods Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Category:BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year Category:BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners Category:Bicycle motocross riders Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Scotland Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Scotland Category:Olympic cyclists of Great Britain Category:Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Cyclists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games Category:Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Category:Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Cyclists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games Category:Olympic gold medalists for Great Britain Category:Olympic silver medalists for Great Britain Category:People educated at George Watson's College Category:Sportspeople from Edinburgh Category:Scottish cyclists Category:Track cyclists Category:UCI World Champions Category:Olympic medalists in cycling

ca:Chris Hoy cy:Chris Hoy da:Chris Hoy de:Chris Hoy fr:Chris Hoy it:Chris Hoy he:כריס הוי nl:Chris Hoy ja:クリス・ホイ no:Chris Hoy pl:Chris Hoy ro:Chris Hoy ru:Хой, Крис fi:Chris Hoy sv:Chris Hoy uk:Кріс Гой zh:克里斯·霍伊

Name	Dave Brubeck
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	David Warren Brubeck
Born	December 06, 1920Concord, California
Instrument	Piano
Genre	JazzCool jazzWest Coast jazzThird stream
Occupation	PianistComposerBandleader
Years active	1940s–present
associated acts	Dave Brubeck Quartet
Associated artists	Paul DesmondGerry MulliganJoe MorelloEugene Wright
Religion	Catholicism }}

David Warren "Dave" Brubeck (born December 6, 1920) is an American jazz pianist. He has written a number of jazz standards, including "In Your Own Sweet Way" and "The Duke". Brubeck's style ranges from refined to bombastic, reflecting his mother's attempts at classical training and his improvisational skills. His music is known for employing unusual time signatures, and superimposing contrasting rhythms, meters, and tonalities.

His long-time musical partner, alto saxophonist Paul Desmond, wrote the Dave Brubeck Quartet's best remembered piece, "Take Five", which is in 5/4 time and has endured as a jazz classic on the top-selling jazz album, ''Time Out''. Brubeck experimented with time signatures throughout his career, recording "Pick Up Sticks" in 6/4, "Unsquare Dance" in 7/4, and "Blue Rondo à la Turk" in 9/8. He is also a respected composer of orchestral and sacred music, and wrote soundtracks for television such as ''Mr. Broadway'' and the animated mini-series ''This Is America, Charlie Brown''.

Early life and career

Brubeck was born in Concord, California and grew up in Ione. He is of English (maternal) and Swiss (paternal) ancestry His father, Howard "Pete" Brubeck, was a cattle rancher, and his mother, Elizabeth (née Ivey), who had studied piano in England under Myra Hess and intended to become a concert pianist, taught piano for extra money. Brubeck originally did not intend to become a musician (his two older brothers, Henry and Howard, were already on that track), but took lessons from his mother. He could not read sheet music during these early lessons, attributing this difficulty to poor eyesight, but "faked" his way through, well enough that this deficiency went mostly unnoticed.

Intending to work with his father on their ranch, Brubeck entered the College of the Pacific (now the University of the Pacific) studying veterinary science, but transferred on the urging of the head of zoology, Dr Arnold, who told him "Brubeck, your mind's not here. It's across the lawn in the conservatory. Please go there. Stop wasting my time and yours." Later, Brubeck was nearly expelled when one of his professors discovered that he could not read music. Several of his professors came forward, arguing that his ability with counterpoint and harmony more than compensated. The college was still afraid that it would cause a scandal, and agreed to let Brubeck graduate only after he promised never to teach piano.

After graduating in 1942, Brubeck was drafted into the army and served overseas in George Patton's Third Army. He was spared from service in the Battle of the Bulge when he volunteered to play piano at a Red Cross show; he was such a hit he was ordered to form a band. Thus he created one of the U.S. armed forces' first racially integrated bands, "The Wolfpack". While serving, Brubeck met Paul Desmond in early 1944. He returned to college after serving nearly four years in the army, this time attending Mills College and studying under Darius Milhaud, who encouraged him to study fugue and orchestration, but not classical piano. While on active duty, he received two lessons from Arnold Schoenberg at UCLA in an attempt to connect with High Modernism theory and practice. However, the encounter did not end on good terms since Schoenberg believed that every note should be accounted for, an approach which Brubeck could not accept.

After completing his studies under Milhaud, Brubeck helped to establish Berkeley, California's Fantasy Records. He worked with an octet (the recording bears his name only because Brubeck was the best-known member at the time), and a trio including Cal Tjader and Ron Crotty. Highly experimental, the group made few recordings and got even fewer paying jobs. The trio was often joined by Paul Desmond on the bandstand, at Desmond's prodding.

Quartet era

Following a near-fatal swimming accident which incapacitated him for several months, Brubeck organized The Dave Brubeck Quartet in 1951, with Desmond on saxophone. They took up a long residency at San Francisco's Black Hawk nightclub and gained great popularity touring college campuses, recording a series of albums with such titles as ''Jazz at Oberlin'' (1953), ''Jazz at College of the Pacific'' (1953), and Brubeck's debut on Columbia Records, ''Jazz Goes to College'' (1954). In that same year, he was featured on the cover of ''Time'' magazine, the second jazz musician to be so honored (the first was Louis Armstrong on February 21, 1949).

Early bassists for the group included Ron Crotty, Bob Bates, and Bob's brother Norman Bates; Lloyd Davis and Joe Dodge held the drum chair. In 1956, Brubeck hired Joe Morello, who had been working with Marian McPartland; Morello's presence made possible the rhythmic experiments that were to come. In 1958 Eugene Wright joined for the group's U.S. State Department tour of Europe and Asia; Wright would become a permanent member in 1959, making the "classic" Quartet's personnel complete.

Wright is African-American; in the late 1950s and early 1960s Brubeck canceled several concerts because the club owners or hall managers resisted the idea of an integrated band on their stages. He also canceled a television appearance when he found out that the producers intended to keep Wright off-camera.

In 1959, the Dave Brubeck Quartet recorded ''Time Out'', an album their label was enthusiastic about but nonetheless hesitant to release. Featuring the album art of S. Neil Fujita, the album contained all original compositions, almost none of which were in common time: 9/8, 5/4, 3/4, and 6/4 were used. Nonetheless, on the strength of these unusual time signatures (the album included "Take Five", "Blue Rondo à la Turk", and "Three To Get Ready"), it quickly went platinum.

''Time Out'' was followed by several albums with a similar approach, including ''Time Further Out: Miro Reflections'' (1961), using more 5/4, 6/4, and 9/8, plus the first attempt at 7/4; ''Countdown: Time in Outer Space'' (dedicated to John Glenn) (1962), featuring 11/4 and more 7/4; and ''Time Changes'' (1963), with much 3/4, 10/4 (which was really 5+5), and 13/4. These albums were also known for using contemporary paintings as cover art, featuring the work of Joan Miró on ''Time Further Out'', Franz Kline on ''Time in Outer Space'', and Sam Francis on ''Time Changes''.

A high point for the group was their 1963 live album ''At Carnegie Hall'', described by critic Richard Palmer as "arguably Dave Brubeck's greatest concert".

In the early '60s, Brubeck and his wife Iola developed a jazz musical, ''The Real Ambassadors'', based in part on experiences they and their colleagues had during foreign tours on behalf of the U.S. State Department. The soundtrack album, which featured Louis Armstrong, Lambert, Hendricks & Ross, and Carmen McRae was recorded in 1961; the musical itself was performed at the 1962 Monterey Jazz Festival.

At their peak in the early '60s, the Brubeck Quartet was releasing as many as four albums a year. Apart from the 'College' and the 'Time' series, Brubeck recorded four LPs featuring his compositions based on the group's travels, and the local music they encountered. ''Jazz Impressions of the USA'' (1956, Morello's debut with the group), ''Jazz Impressions of Eurasia'' (1958), ''Jazz Impressions of Japan'' (1964), and ''Jazz Impressions of New York'' (1964) are less well-known albums, but all are brilliant examples of the quartet's studio work, and they produced Brubeck standards such as "Summer Song," "Brandenburg Gate," "Koto Song," and "Theme From ''Mr. Broadway''." (Brubeck wrote, and the Quartet performed, the theme song for the Craig Stevens CBS drama series; the music from the series became material for the "New York" album.)

In 1961 Dave Brubeck appeared in a few scenes of the British Jazz/Beat film ''All Night Long'', which starred Patrick McGoohan and Richard Attenborough. Brubeck merely plays himself, and his piano playing includes closeups of his fingerings. Brubeck performs "It's a Raggy Waltz" from the ''Time Further Out'' album and duets briefly with bassist Charles Mingus in "Non-Sectarian Blues".

In the early 1960s Dave Brubeck was the program director of WJZZ-FM radio (now WEZN). He achieved his vision of an all jazz format radio station along with his friend and neighbor John E. Metts, one of the first African Americans in senior radio management.

The final studio album for Columbia by the Desmond/Wright/Morello quartet was ''Anything Goes'' (1966) featuring Cole Porter songs. A few concert recordings followed, and ''The Last Time We Saw Paris'' (1967) was the "Classic" Quartet's swansong.

Later career

Brubeck's disbanding of the Quartet at the end of 1967 allowed him more time to compose the longer, extended orchestral and choral works that were occupying his attention (to say nothing of Brubeck's desire to spend more time with his family). February 1968 saw the premiere of ''The Light in the Wilderness'' for baritone solo, choir, organ, the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel, and Brubeck improvising on certain themes within. The piece is an oratorio on Jesus's teachings. The next year, Brubeck produced ''The Gates of Justice'', a cantata mixing Biblical scripture with the words of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Further works followed, including the 1971 cantata ''Truth Is Fallen'' (now re-issued on CD by Collectables Records ), written in protest of the Vietnam War, and also dedicated to the memory of the Kent State shootings and Jackson State killings of May 1970. The work was premiered in Midland, Michigan on May 1, 1971 and released on LP in 1972.

Brubeck's jazz playing did not cease. He was quickly prevailed upon by Newport Jazz Festival producer George Wein to tour with Gerry Mulligan. A Brubeck "Trio" was soon formed: Jack Six on bass, and Alan Dawson on drums. From 1968 until 1973, The Dave Brubeck Trio featuring Gerry Mulligan performed extensively, releasing several concert albums (including one with guest Desmond) and one studio album.

In 1973 Brubeck formed another group with three of his sons, Darius on keyboards, Dan on drums, and Chris on electric bass or bass trombone. This group often included Perry Robinson, clarinet, and Jerry Bergonzi, saxophone. Brubeck would record and tour with this "Two Generations of Brubeck" group until 1978.

Brubeck and Desmond recorded an album of duets in 1975, then the Classic Quartet reassembled for a 25th anniversary reunion in 1976. Desmond died in 1977.

thumb|Dave Brubeck at Blue Note Jazz Club in 2011Brubeck's Quartet has remained vital, a primary creative outlet for the pianist. Bergonzi became a member and remained with the band until 1982. This version featured Chris Brubeck, and Randy Jones on drums. Jones joined in 1979 and is still with the band after over 30 years. Replacing Bergonzi was Brubeck's old friend Bill Smith, who knew Brubeck at Mills College and was a member of Brubeck's Octet in the late 1940s; he remained in the group through the '80s and recorded with it off and on until 1995. The best recording of this Smith/Brubeck/Jones Quartet is probably their remarkable ''Moscow Night'' concert of 1987, released on Concord Records.

The Quartet currently includes alto saxophonist and flautist Bobby Militello, bassist Michael Moore (who replaced Alec Dankworth), and Randy Jones.

In 1994, Brubeck was inducted into the ''Down Beat'' Jazz Hall of Fame.

Brubeck continues to write new works, including orchestral and ballet scores. He has worked extensively with the London Symphony Orchestra and tours about 80 cities each year.

At the 49th Monterey Jazz Festival in September 2006, Brubeck debuted his commissioned work, ''Cannery Row Suite'', a jazz opera drawn from the characters in John Steinbeck's American classic writing about Monterey's roots as a sardine fishing and packing town. Iola (''née'' Whitlock), Brubeck's wife since 1942, is his personal secretary, manager and lyricist, and co-authored the Cannery Row Suite with Dave. His performance of this as well as a number of jazz standards with his current quartet was the buzz of the Festival (an event Brubeck helped launch in 1958).

Because of his advancing years, Brubeck's touring has naturally decreased in activity. He announced at the end of 2008 that he would no longer tour internationally. On April 3, 2009, Brubeck was scheduled to play the album ''Time Out'' in its entirety to commemorate its 50th anniversary at the annual Brubeck Festival, but was not able to because of being in hospital with a viral infection. His son Darius filled in on piano with the rest of his quartet. A scheduled October, 2010 concert in St. Louis, MO was canceled after Brubeck's doctors advised against traveling and performing. He had a heart problem and was experiencing fatigue and dizziness. His doctors installed a pacemaker in his heart. His surgery was doing so well that his doctors said that he could resume his concert touring in November. He performed sold out shows at the Blue Note in New York City on Thanksgiving weekend, 2010, celebrating his 90th birthday.

Personal life

Four of Brubeck's six children are professional musicians. Darius, the eldest, is an accomplished pianist, producer, educator and performer. (He was named after Dave Brubeck's mentor Darius Milhaud.) Dan is a renowned percussionist, Chris is a multi-instrumentalist and composer. Matthew, the youngest, is a versatile cellist with an impressive list of composing and performance credits. Brubeck's children often join with him in concerts and in the recording studio.

Brubeck believed what he saw during World War II contradicted the Ten Commandments, and the war evoked a spiritual awakening. He became a Catholic in 1980, shortly after completing the Mass ''To Hope'' which had been commissioned by Ed Murray, editor of the national Catholic weekly ''Our Sunday Visitor''. Although he had spiritual interests before that time, he said, "I didn't convert to Catholicism, because I wasn't anything to convert from. I just joined the Catholic Church." In 1996, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2006, Brubeck was awarded the University of Notre Dame's Laetare Medal, the oldest and most prestigious honor given to American Catholics, during the University's commencement. He performed "Travellin' Blues" for the graduating class of 2006.

Brubeck founded the Brubeck Institute with his wife Iola at their alma mater, the University of the Pacific in 2000. What began as a special archive, consisting of the personal document collection of the Brubecks has since expanded to provide fellowships and educational opportunities in jazz for students, also leading to having one of the main streets the school resides on named in his honor, Dave Brubeck Way.

On April 8, 2008, United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice presented Brubeck with a "Benjamin Franklin Award for Public Diplomacy" for offering an American "vision of hope, opportunity and freedom" through his music. "As a little girl I grew up on the sounds of Dave Brubeck because my dad was your biggest fan," said Rice. The State Department said in a statement that "as a pianist, composer, cultural emissary and educator, Dave Brubeck's life's work exemplifies the best of America's cultural diplomacy." At the ceremony Brubeck played a brief recital for the audience at the State Department. "I want to thank all of you because this honor is something that I never expected. Now I am going to play a cold piano with cold hands," Brubeck stated.

California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced on May 28, 2008 that Brubeck would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. The induction ceremony occurred December 10, and he was inducted alongside eleven other legendary Californians.

In September 2009, the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts announced Brubeck as a Kennedy Center Honoree for exhibiting excellence in performance arts. The Kennedy Center Honors Gala took place on Sunday, December 6 (Brubeck's 89th birthday) and was broadcast nationwide on CBS on December 29 at 9:00 pm EST.

On September 20, 2009, at Monterey Jazz Festival, Brubeck was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree (D.Mus. ''honoris causa'') from Berklee College of Music.

On May 16, 2010, Brubeck was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree (honoris causa) from The George Washington University in Washington, DC. The ceremony took place on the National Mall.

On July 5, 2010, Brubeck was awarded the Miles-Davis Award at the Montreal International Jazz Festival.In 2010, Bruce Ricker and Clint Eastwood produced a documentary ''Dave Brubeck: In His Own Sweet Way'' about Brubeck for Turner Classic Movies (TCM) to commemorate his 90th birthday in December 2010.

Brubeck has become a supporter of the Jazz Foundation of America in their mission to save the homes and the lives of elderly jazz and blues musicians, including musicians that survived Hurricane Katrina. Brubeck supported the Jazz Foundation by performing in their annual benefit concert "A Great Night in Harlem" in 2006.

Discography

''Brubeck Trio with Cal Tjader, Volume 1'' (1949)

''Brubeck Trio with Cal Tjader, Volume 2'' (1949)

''Brubeck/Desmond'' (1951)

''Stardust'' (1951)

''Dave Brubeck Quartet'' (1951)

''Jazz at the Blackhawk'' (1952)

''Dave Brubeck/Paul Desmond'' (1952)

''Jazz at Storyville'' (live) (1952)

''featuring Paul Desmond In Concert'' (live) (1953)

''Two Knights at the Black Hawk'' (1953)

''Jazz at Oberlin'' (1953) Fantasy Records

''Dave Brubeck & Paul Desmond at Wilshire Ebell'' (1953)

''Jazz at the College of the Pacific'' (1953) Fantasy Records

''Jazz Goes to College'' (1954) Columbia Records

''Dave Brubeck at Storyville 1954'' (live) (1954)

''Brubeck Time'' (1955)

''Jazz: Red Hot And Cool'' (1955)

''Brubeck Plays Brubeck'' (1956)

''Dave Brubeck and Jay & Kai at Newport'' (1956)

''Jazz Impressions of the U.S.A.'' (1956)

''Plays and Plays and ...'' (1957) Fantasy Records

''Reunion'' (1957) Fantasy Records

''Jazz Goes to Junior College'' (live) (1957)

''Dave Digs Disney'' (1957)

''In Europe'' (1958)

''Complete 1958 Berlin Concert'' (released 2008)

''Newport 1958''

''Jazz Impressions of Eurasia'' (1958)

''Gone with the Wind'' (1959) Columbia Records

''Time Out'' (1959) Columbia Records/Legacy (RIAA: Platinum)

''Southern Scene'' (1960)

''The Riddle'' (1960)

''Brubeck and Rushing'' (1960)

''Brubeck a la Mode'' (1961) Fantasy Records

''Tonight Only with the Dave Brubeck Quartet'' (1961, with Carmen McRae)

''Take Five Live'' (1961, Live, Columbia Records, with Carmen McRae, released 1965)

''Near-Myth'' (1961) Fantasy Records

''Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein'' (1961)

''Time Further Out'' (1961) Columbia Records/Legacy

''Countdown—Time in Outer Space'' (1962) Columbia Records

''The Real Ambassadors'' (1962)

''Music From West Side Story'' (1962)

''Bossa Nova U.S.A.'' (1962)

''Brubeck in Amsterdam'' (1962, released 1969)

''At Carnegie Hall'' (1963)

''Brandenburg Gate: Revisited'' (1963) Columbia Records

''Time Changes (album)'' (1963)

''Dave Brubeck in Berlin'' (1964)

''Jazz Impressions of Japan'' (1964) Columbia Records/Legacy

''Jazz Impressions of New York'' (1964) Columbia Records/Legacy

''Angel Eyes'' (1965)

''My Favorite Things'' (1965)

''The 1965 Canadian Concert'' (released 2008)

''Time In'' (1966) Columbia Records

''Anything Goes'' (1966)

''Bravo! Brubeck!'' (1967)

''Buried Treasures'' (1967, released 1998)

''Jackpot'' (1967) Columbia Records

''The Last Time We Saw Paris'' (1968)

''Adventures in Time'' (Compilation, 1972) Columbia Records

''The Light in the Wilderness'' (1968)

''Compadres'' (1968)

''Blues Roots'' (1968)

''Brubeck/Mulligan/Cincinnati'' (1970)

''Live at the Berlin Philharmonie'' (1970)

''The Last Set at Newport'' (1971) Atlantic Records

''Truth is Fallen'' (1972)

''We're All Together Again For the First Time'' (1973)

''Two Generations of Brubeck'' (1973)

''Brother, the Great Spirit Made Us All'' (1974)

''All The Things We Are'' (1974)

''Brubeck & Desmond 1975: The Duets''

''DBQ 25th Anniversary Reunion'' (1976) A&M Records

''The New Brubeck Quartet Live at Montreux'' (1978)

''A Cut Above'' (1978)

''La Fiesta de la Posada'' (1979)

''Back Home'' (1979) Concord Records

''A Place in Time'' (1980)

''Tritonis'' (1980)

''Paper Moon'' (1982)

''Concord on a Summer Night'' (1982)

''For Iola'' (1984)

''Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz with guest Dave Brubeck'' (1984, released 1993)

''Reflections'' (1985)

''Blue Rondo'' (1986)

''Moscow Night'' (1987)

''New Wine'' (1987, released 1990)

''The Great Concerts'' (Compilation, 1988)

''Quiet As The Moon'' (Charlie Brown soundtrack) (1991)

''Once When I Was Very Young'' (1991)

''Time Signatures: A Career Retrospective'' (Compilation, 1992) Sony Colombia Legacy

''Trio Brubeck'' (1993)

''Late Night Brubeck (1994)

''Just You, Just Me'' (solo) (1994)

''Nightshift'' (1995)

''Young Lions & Old Tigers (1995)

''To Hope! A Celebration'' (1996)

''A Dave Brubeck Christmas'' (1996)

''In Their Own Sweet Way'' (1997)

''So What's New?'' (1998)

''The 40th Anniversary Tour of the U.K.'' (1999)

''One Alone'' (2000)

''Double Live From the USA & UK'' (2001)

''The Crossing'' (2001)

''Vocal Encounters'' (Compilation, 2001) Sony Records

''Classical Brubeck'' (with the London Symphony Orchestra, 2003) Telarc

''Park Avenue South'' (2003)

''The Gates of Justice'' (2004)

''London Flat, London Sharp'' (2005) Telarc

''Indian Summer'' (2007) Telarc

''Live at the Monterey Jazz Festival 1958–2007'' (2008)

''Yo-Yo Ma & Friends'' Brubeck tracks: Joy to the World, Concordia. (2008)Sony BMG

Awards

Connecticut Arts Award (1987)

National Medal of Arts, National Endowment for the Arts (1994)

DownBeat Hall of Fame (1994)

Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (1996)

Doctorate honoris causa University of Fribourg, Switzerland (2004)

Laetare Medal (University of Notre Dame) (2006)

BBC Jazz Lifetime Achievement Award (2007)

Benjamin Franklin Award for Public Diplomacy (2008)

Inducted into California Hall of Fame (2008)

Kennedy Centre Honour (2009) George Washington University Honorary Degree (2010)

Honorary Fellow of Westminster Choir College, Princeton, New Jersey (2011)

References

Photographs, documents, and video clips of oral history interviews from the Brubeck Collection are available at the University of the Pacific Library's Digital Collections.

Bibliography

Isenberg, Barbara. ''State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work.'' 2005

External links

Dave Brubeck.com

2004 WNYC Interview with Brubeck

Dave Brubeck Collection at the University of the Pacific Library's Holt-Atherton Special Collections

''Rediscovering Dave Brubeck'', PBS, December 16, 2001 documentary

Dave Brubeck Discography Project

The Brubeck Institute

Biography, photos, CDs and concert review of Dave Brubeck by cosmopolis.ch

Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks

Dave Brubeck Quartet Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks

[ Dave Brubeck at AllMusic]

Musical Prayers Dave Brubeck, TIME Magazine

theartsdesk Q&A: Dave Brubeck at 90 (December 3, 2010)

Dave Brubeck – Unsquare Dance

Category:American jazz composers Category:American jazz pianists Category:American jazz songwriters Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:American Roman Catholics Category:Concord Records artists Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism Category:Cool jazz pianists Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:Musicians from California Category:Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area Category:People from Concord, California Category:United States Army soldiers Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients Category:University of the Pacific (United States) alumni Category:West Coast jazz pianists Category:1920 births Category:Living people

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Veronica Campbell-Brown C.D (born 15 May 1982) is a track and field sprint athlete, competing internationally for Jamaica. A five-time Olympic medallist, she is the reigning Olympic 200 metres champion. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, she ran the 200 m in 21.74 seconds (the fastest time in a decade) and became the second woman in history to win two consecutive Olympic 200 m events, after Bärbel Wöckel of Germany did so at the 1976 and 1980 Olympics. Veronica Campbell-Brown is ranked the second fastest Jamaica woman over 60 meters, fourth fastest over 100 meters and third fastest fastest over 200 meters

Early life

Campbell was born to Cecil Campbell and Pamella Bailey in Trelawny, Jamaica on 15 May 1982. She has nine brothers and sisters and attended Vere Technical High School in Clarendon before pursuing higher education in the United States.

Junior career

In 1999, she won two gold medals the 100 m and 4 × 100 metres relay at the inaugural IAAF World Youth Championships. The following year, she became the first female to win the sprint double at the IAAF World Junior Championships. She took the 100 m in 11.12 s (the current championship record) and the 200 m in 22.87 s. At the 2000 Olympic Games, she ran the second leg on the silver medal winning 4 × 100 m relay team. Campbell was the only female athlete to win both the 100 m and 200 m sprints at the same World Youth Championships, until Jodie Williams of Great Britain did so in 2009.

College career

Campbell attended Barton County Community College in Great Bend, Kansas, where she set several records and won many titles including four national junior college titles in the 60, 100 and 200 metres both indoors and outdoors. She set the current record for Barton County CC in the outdoor 100 m and 200 m. Campbell also excelled in academics earning an associates degree from Barton County in 2002 with a 3.8 grade average. She later attended the University of Arkansas where she stood out as a sprint star in a program dominated by long-distance runners.

Professional career

Campbell-Brown ran at the 2000 Summer Olympics in the 4×100 m relay along with Tayna Lawrence, Beverly McDonald, Merlene Frazer and sprint veteran and Olympic legend, Merlene Ottey. They finished second in the finals in a time of 42.13, behind neighbours, Bahamas which gave 18 year old Campbell-Brown her first Olympic medal.

At the 2004 Olympics, Campbell first placed third in the 100 m and two days later won the 200 m, beating out Allyson Felix of the United States. She later teamed up with Aleen Bailey, Tayna Lawrence, and Sherone Simpson to win the 4 × 100 m relay race.

In August 2005, Campbell won the silver medal in the 100 m at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics as well as another silver medal in the 4 × 100 m relay (together with Daniele Browning, Aleen Bailey and Sherone Simpson).

At the 2007 World Championships, Campbell won three medals with a gold in the 100 m, a silver in the 200 m (second to Felix) and a silver in the 4 × 100 m relay.

At the 2008 Jamaican Olympic trials, she finished fourth in the 100 m, thereby missing the qualifying requirement to automatically make the Jamaican Olympic roster for that event. She clocked 10.88 s in the final, which is the second fastest time ever for a fourth place finish. She however bounced back to take the 200 m final in a personal best of 21.94 s. Failing to qualify for the 100 m, she only competed in the 200 m and the 4 × 100 m relay at the Olympic Games. At the opening ceremony of the 2008 Olympics, Veronica Campbell-Brown carried the Jamaican flag during the Athletes' Parade. She successfully defended her Olympic 200 m title in a new personal best time of 21.74 s. She competed at the 4 × 100 m relay together with Shelly-Ann Fraser, Sheri-Ann Brooks and Aleen Bailey. In the first round heats, Jamaica placed first in front of Russia, Germany and China. The Jamaican teams' time of 42.24 s was the first time overall out of sixteen participating nations. With this result, Jamaica qualified for the final, replacing Brooks and Bailey with Sherone Simpson and Kerron Stewart. Jamaica did not finish the race due to a mistake in the baton exchange.

At the end of the 2008 season, Campbell-Brown was selected the top 200 m runner in the world as well as the fourth best in the 100 m (following three other Jamaicans) by ''Track and Field News''. She also finished eighth overall in voting for the magazine's Woman of the Year.

She qualified for her third World Championships by winning the 200 m national title. She beat runners up Shelly Ann Fraser and Simone Facey with a time of 22.40 seconds in June 2009, although a toe injury had left her lacking full fitness. At the 2009 World Championships Campbell-Brown was fourth in the 100 m final behind teammates Fraser and Stewart. She then won her second World 200 m silver behind American Allyson Felix. She closed the season at the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix, recording her fastest of the year (10.89) to take second behind Carmelita Jeter, who became the second fastest ever with 10.64 seconds. Although she was roundly beaten by Jeter, Campbell-Brown was the fourth fastest 100 m sprinter overall that season.

Personal life

In 2007, Campbell married Omar Brown, a fellow Jamaican sprinter and University of Arkansas alumnus. They currently live and train in Clermont, Florida. She was appointed as a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador in late 2009, and stated that she would use the role to promote gender equity in sport.

Achievements

Campbell-Brown's personal best of 10.76 s in the 100 m ranks her all-time top ten in the world (9th place) and fourth among Jamaican women. Her 200 m best (21.74 s) ranks her in the all-time top ten in the world. This time is the third best among Jamaican women. It is the fastest time of the 21st Century, and the fastest since Marion Jones's 21.62 s in Johannesburg 1998.

Personal bests

!Event	!Time (seconds)	!Venue	!Date	!Remarks
60 metres	7.00	Doha, Qatar	14 March 2010
	9.91+	Ostrava, Czech Republic	31 May 2011
100 metres	10.76	Ostrava, Czech Republic	31 May 2011
200 metres	21.74	Beijing, China	21 August 2008
400 metres	52.24	Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States	22 January, 2005

+ = en route to a longer distance

All information from IAAF Profile

----

Competition record

!Year	!Tournament	!Venue	!Event	!Place	!Result
1998		Annecy, France	100 m		12.04
1999		Bydgoszcz, Poland	100 m		11.49
	rowspan=2		100 m		11.12
200 m		22.87
	rowspan=2		100 m		11.00
2002 Commonwealth Games>Commonwealth Games	4 x 100m		42.73
	rowspan=2		100 m		10.97
200 m		22.05
rowspan=2		100 m		10.91
200 m		22.64
	rowspan=2		100 m		10.95
200 m		22.38
rowspan=2		100 m		10.92
200 m		22.37
2006		Melbourne, Australia	200 m		22.72A
	rowspan=2		100 m		11.01
200 m		22.34
2008		Beijing, China	200 m		21.74
	rowspan=2		100 m		10.95
200 m		22.35
2010	2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships	Doha, Qatar	60 m		7.00

References

External links

IAAF "Focus on Athletes" article

Veronica Campbell Photos

Allyson Felix|title=Women's 200 m Best Year Performance|years=2004|after= Allyson Felix}}

Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Jamaican sprinters Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Commonwealth Games Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Jamaica Category:Olympic athletes of Jamaica Category:Olympic gold medalists for Jamaica Category:Olympic silver medalists for Jamaica Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Jamaica Category:University of Arkansas alumni Category:Arkansas Razorbacks track and field athletes Category:People from Trelawny Parish Category:Olympic medalists in athletics (track and field)

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